Chapter 1 in the course text explains the concept of an ecological model of human development. Review the information on pages 20-33, including Figure 1.5 on page 20. Then define in your own words the structures of this ecological model, microsystems, mesosystems, exosystems, macrosystems, and chronosystem, and explain how each influences the socialization of a young child. Conclude by choosing two of these structures and explain how each influenced your own socialization, using examples from your own childhood.
Chapter 2 explains that children learn the ways of the society in which they live via traditions, rituals and routines, and symbols. Explain the differences between each of these and one way each contributes to children’s knowledge of their own cultural group.
“Messages” from important people in their lives influence the outcomes of children’s socialization experiences. For example, parents who allow their male child to play only with “boy” toys communicate a message that may influence their child’s attitude about gender roles. Review the outcomes of socialization highlighted on pages 75-76 in your text. Choose three outcomes that are of most interest to you. Then, using examples, describe how early education, such as a preschool program, might influence each outcome.
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Tia Weaver
Walden Universoty
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Content review
Question 1
The ecological model describes how the development of a child is influenced by their
relationships and the world around them. As developed by Bronfenbrenner, the ecological
system model is made up of five subsystems that are socially organized to guide human
development. These subsystems allow us to acquire social knowledge and develop an increased
possibility of learning problem-solving. The first level of the system is the microsystem, which is
an individualÂ’s system closet and is comprised of the structures in which one has direct contact.
The microsystem contains all relationships and interactions within a childÂ’s immediate
surroundings, for example of school, family, or work. The components that make up the
microsystem are family, caregivers, or peers.
The second level of the system is the mesosystem, which typically contains all the
interactions between different parts of a child’s microsystem (Berns, 2012). The mesosystem is
made up of aspects of the microsystem that work together to improve a childÂ’s development. The
exosystem is the third level of the system, which encompasses the larger social system that does
not makeup part of the child’s direct function but affects them in their microsystems. This
subsystem influences the development of a child by interacting with some structures of the
microsystem. Here, the child may not be involved directly with the systems, but they can feel the
impacts caused by the interactions within the system (Berns, 2012). The macrosystem is the
outmost layer of the development system model, and it refers to the larger cultural system, such
as the social conditions within the child’s cultural context. As such, the macrosystem may
describe the childÂ’s social or cultural context (Berns, 2012). The last subsystem is the
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chronosystem, and it consists of the changes that occur throughout a child’s life, such as
psychological changes.
My socialization has mostly been influenced by the microsystem and the mesosystem
structures. My family, school, and peers have majorly influenced my socialization as they form
the major elements of my system in which most of my interactions occur.
Question 2
There are various methods of socialization within the society, and these include
traditions, rituals and routines, and symbols. Traditions refer to the handing down of customs,
beliefs, or stories about the ways of the society from one generation to the next. This may
include religious groups, ethnic groups, or families. Traditional markers or beliefs s passed down
to children, such as religion, ethnicity, or language, can influence how a child behaves socially
(Berns, 2012). Traditions form the basis of identity. When a child learns the expectations of
society, they form their identity based on those expectations.
Rituals and routines also how a child is socialized into society. Rituals and routines can
help improve the sense of security for younger children and create a sense of belonging in the
family of society. Family routines and rituals are important as they provide a predictable
structure that guides a childÂ’s behavior and emotional structure that support their development in
early childhood. For example, the routine of family mealtimes allows families to come together,
strengthen the bond between family members, and teach children the importance of staying and
eating together (Berns, 2012). Symbols, on the other hand, are objects that have generally been
accepted to have a valuable meaning or represent something within society. Symbols play an
important role in a child’s early development as they may serve as a communication tool to
create an understanding of the social world and the emotional world. Even before a child can
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learn to communicate through language, symbols may facilitate social interactions for children in
the form of gestures.
Question 3
Socialization has been used as a tool to teach children ideas or deliver messages that
parents want their children to develop. The outcomes of socialization that are of most interest to
me, as discussed in the text, include; values, attitudes, and self-esteem. Teaching children about
values in early education may influence the outcome as it may lead to instilling and bringing out
desirable values (Berns, 2012). For example, teaching children about the value of good manners
in early childhood helps to instill good manners in the child from an early age, and this will help
the child to interact well with other people in their daily lives (Berns, 2012). Attitudes are also an
important outcome of socialization as it helps to teach children how to respond to specific
situations. Attitudes are learned through instructions or by direct experiences. For example, it
Self-esteem is another important outcome of socialization. The messages that parents or
teachers teach their children may cause them to develop either high or low self-esteem. For
example, American parents may train their children to maintain high self-esteem in a world full
of racial discrimination by teaching them to love and appreciate their ethnicity. In this case,
socialization plays an important role in preparing children of color to understand and prepare for
the barriers that define racial differences with regard to racial stratification frameworks in the
country.
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References
Berns, R. M. (2012). Child, family, school, community: Socialization and support. Nelson
Education.
